NEW YORK: A method for building complex molecules has paid off by helping to fight cancer, protect crops and make electronic devices — and now it has earned its developers a Nobel Prize. Three men — two Japanese scientists and an American researcher — designed the technique to bind together carbon atoms, a key step in assembling the skeletons of organic compounds used in medicine, agriculture and electronics. Their work in the 1960s and 1970s provided "one of the most sophisticated tools available to chemists today (and) vastly improved the possibilities for chemists to create sophisticated chemicals," the Nobel committee said. The winners are Richard Heck, 79, a professor emeritus at the University of Delaware, now living in the Philippines; Ei-ichi Negishi, 75, a chemistry professor at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind., and Akira Suzuki, 80, a retired professor from Hokkaido University in Sapporo, Japan. Carbon atoms are normally shy about pairing up. The winning approach was to use atoms of the metal palladium kind of like a singles bar, a place where pairs of carbon atoms are jammed together and encouraged to bond. This idea, called palladium-catalyzed cross coupling, was easier to do than previous methods. Heck published his initial work in 1968 and an improved method in 1972. In 1977, Negishi developed a variant of the palladium approach and two years later Suzuki developed another. Altogether, their methods are now widely used in industry and research. "I don't think anybody thinks about making a complicated organic compound without considering one of these three reactions," said Keith Woerpel, a chemistry professor at New York University. By one estimate, they're the basis for at least 25 percent of all chemical reactions in the pharmaceutical industry, said prize committee member Claes Gustafsson. That includes the production of the common painkiller naproxen, widely sold as Aleve and other brands, new antibiotics, an asthma drug and a synthetic version of a substance from a marine sponge that might fight cancer. Heck's work was adapted to make the cancer drug Taxol, steroids and morphine, the Nobel committee said. In agriculture, the palladium approach is used to make chemicals that protect crops from fungi and other pests. And the electronics industry uses it for coating electronic circuits and as a tool for developing future computer screens that are thinner, said prize committee member Jan-Erling Backvall. Jeremy Berg, director of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences in Bethesda, Md., said the three winners did "very fundamental and important work." Bonds between carbon atoms "are really the lifeblood of the ability to make organic compounds," Berg said. "Making the carbon-carbon bond is really sort of the framework. It's like the framing of a house. You can add on other pieces later on, but the carbon-carbon formation is really a key part of it." The palladium approach makes carbon atoms bond "very easily, very cleanly," said Joseph Francisco, president of the American Chemical Society and a colleague of Negishi's in Purdue's chemistry department. Though the prize was given for breakthroughs made 30 to 40 years ago, that's not uncommon for Nobel Prizes, especially if the real-world uses increase over time. "This is one of those cases," said Gustafsson, of the chemistry prize committee. Heck was the only American among the Nobel science winners this year. In recent years, there have been at least two U.S. scientists among the medicine, physics and chemistry laureates; there were none in 1991. Heck, who has retired from active research, said the award would probably not spur any major change in his settled life in the Philippines, where he lives with his Filipino wife and tends to an orchid garden and pet birds. "It's a nice thing to have, but I don't think this is going to change my life. I'm too old," Heck told The Associated Press in an interview in his suburban Manila home. Negishi told reporters in Stockholm by telephone from Indiana that he started dreaming about winning the prize half a century ago. "The Nobel Prize became a realistic dream of mine when I was in my 20s," he said, adding he would use his third of the $1.5 million (10 million kronor) award to continue doing research. "I may have accomplished maybe half of my goals, and I definitely would like to work for at least a couple more years," Negishi said. Suzuki, in a televised news conference from Hokkaido University, said he hoped the prize would inspire Japanese youngsters to explore chemistry. "To my disappointment, not many young people seem to be interested in science, especially chemistry," Suzuki said. The literature prize will be announced on Thursday, followed by the peace prize on Friday and economics on Monday, Oct. 11. The awards were established by Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel — the inventor of dynamite — and are always handed out on Dec. 10, the anniversary of his death in 1896. Additional reporting by Louise Nordstrom, Malin Rising, Mari Yamaguchi, Jay Alabaster and Jim Gomez.
