A few days ago while browsing through my internet, to my delight I came by chance upon an autobiography of the beautiful late Princess of Wales – (the Queen of Hearts - Lovely Di.) I felt sad again by her untimely and mysterious death in a car crash in Paris, with the late handsome tycoon, Dodi El-Fayed. Then, I reread all her good deeds, including her involvement with minefields all over the world, and her campaign against them. Coincidentally, during that same week in a meeting with Dr. Omar El-Hakim, who's an advocate of vernacular architecture and 'disciple' of the late renowned architect, Prof. Hassan Fathy (the 'Master') – he mentioned something also about land mines. He added that there are landmines even going beyond Sinai and the Northern Coast, and Western Desert. According to El-Hakim, land mines exist in some spots as far inland as in Upper Egypt, and added that if only an international organization could be contracted to clear them up, Egypt could have more eco-lodges around the desert springs, thus, give more work opportunities for its citizens and bring in more tourism, which consequently would enhance the country's economy. He added that there is already an organization, in the form of an NGO in Egypt, with a famous artist and film-actor as its chairman! Starting to doubt the authenticity of his information, I decided then and there to make a thorough research into this matter, and relay the following results: Land Mines in Egypt Egypt has unique landmine and UXO (unexploded ordnance) problems. First, a huge area of land is affected - some estimates put the total at about 25,000 sq kilometres. Second, the age of much of the material: up to 60 years. Third, much of the mines and UXO is covered by thick deposits of mud or sand so that conventional detection techniques are often of little value. Broadly speaking the area west of Cairo (El Qahira) was contaminated as a result of hostilities between 1940 and 1943 involving Britain and its allies (including Egyptian forces) fighting German and Italian forces for control of North Africa. The areas to the east, including the Sinai Peninsula were contaminated between 1956 and 1973 due to hostilities between Egypt and Israel. The Military Engineering Organization, a division of the Defense Ministry in Cairo, handles all de-mining work. Until recently, all aspects of minefields and de-mining have been classified. However, the Egyptian government is now pursuing a more open policy, recognizing that information is needed to help secure assistance. Geographical Distribution of Problem Extensive clearance operations have been carried out already to ensure that roads, residential areas and other infrastructure are safe to use. Known records are incomplete and inaccurate so it is likely that other areas of contamination exist. UXO contamination extends over much larger areas than the known minefields. Most of the remaining contamination is in the Suez Canal zone, and nearby coastal regions. Much of the contamination in the coastal region is in salt lakes, salty mud and swamps which are difficult to work in. Other mines lie under deep wind-blown sand as in the Western Desert. Minefields have been reported along the Red Sea coast, and formerly mined areas along the Israeli border and military strong points in the Eastern Sinai will need to be carefully checked. The Western Desert: "The Devil's Garden" Going back: German General Edwin Rommel ordered the creation of a "Devil's garden…a minefield so long and so deep that it was considered virtually impenetrable, “to cover up his withdrawal from El Alamein and prevent pursuit by the Allied forces. Consequently, the Western Desert is the most afflicted by landmines as its minefields extend from El-Alamein, up to the Egyptian-Libyan borders with a depth of more than 40 km from the Mediterranean coast. All mines have been eliminated between the coastal road and the sea, but further inland any number may still remain; both the German and the British armies have mined the northern parts, below the cliffs, to prevent the other from getting behind their lines, and the Qattara Depression was never cleared. Minefields Kept Secret With increasing population pressures along the Nile valley, the Egyptian government stresses the need to develop infrastructure and agriculture in mine-affected areas west of Alexandria. As a result, the government has prioritized four areas of mine clearance, which it hopes to complete by within this year. Depending on greater international donor assistance, a more ambitious target of 2005 has been set to remove all mines from its territory. These four areas include the cities of Borg Al Arab and Nubariah, a new road linking Alexandria and Matrouh, agricultural areas alongside Tira't El-Hamam, El-Alamein, Ras El-Hikma, Fouka and Sidi Barani areas, and the development of tourism west of Alexandria, especially in Marsa Matrouh and Ras Al Hikma. Landmine Casualties In its report on a February 2000 assessment mission to Egypt, the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) noted that: "minefield marking procedures are limited in terms of warning signs and fencing, particularly in the Western Desert. Safe paths and cleared or suspected areas were not marked effectively in the areas observed. According to information provided by the Egyptian Army in April 2000, there have been 8,313 landmine victims in Egypt, mostly civilians. Mine Victims:- Military - 3296 Civilian - 5017 Fatalities Total: 8313 Many incidents are likely to go unreported, especially amongst nomadic Bedouin tribes in the Western desert, as well as in the areas where mines have been deployed to protect against drug cultivation and smuggling. - According to a survey conducted by the Cairo-based Landmines Struggle Center (LSC), thirty-three were victims of UXO in 1998, and in 1999 thirty-seven. In 1998, thirteen people were killed and twenty wounded, including eight of them children killed and nine wounded. Sixteen people had accidents in the Eastern area, nine in the Western area, five in El-Beheira, and three in Aswan – (so, Dr. El-Hakim was right!). Also, two military de-miners were wounded during de-mining operations in the new port of Ein El-Sokhna in the Eastern region. - According to the Egyptian Army in February of 1999, landmines have claimed 8,313 casualties in Egypt, as noted above, of which 696 were killed. An undated publication by the Ministry of Defense gave a total figure of 8,301 mine victims. Of that number it reported that military casualties numbered 3,284, including 272 killed, and the civilian total was estimated to be around 5,017 out of which 418 were killed and 4599 injured. Thankfully, landmine casualties are cared for by the government, which provides first aid, medical treatment and artificial limbs. Also, some compensation is granted for families of military mine victims. Additionally, one medical center has started to examine the psychological needs of landmine survivors. Mine Awareness According to UNMAS, "Mine awareness education is undertaken by the military for its Army mine clearance personnel, but appears extremely limited for the civilian population both in mine affected areas and elsewhere." However, there does not appear to be a government strategy to promote mine awareness, particularly in remote areas or for the minority nomadic Bedouin tribes. There is also a shortage of warning signs and fencing in known mined areas. Mine Ban Policy Egypt has not signed the Mine Ban Treaty but participated in the Ottawa Process as an observer. It attended the October 1996 Ottawa meeting which launched the Ottawa Process, and the Vienna, Bonn and Brussels meetings, but did not sign the Brussels Declaration. Our reasons for not signing the ban treaty have been stated in various international forums. Arguments include that the treaty does not take into account "the legitimate security and defense concerns of countries, particularly those with extensive territorial borders" which need landmines to protect against terrorist attacks and drug traffickers. In addition, we continue to voice concern at "a lack of financial and technical incentives" to help the country deal with its landmine problem. Furthermore, we also express frustration that responsibility for clearance is not assigned in the treaty to those who lay the mines. Egyptian representatives have called this a "moral" issue. Millions of mines were laid in Egypt by German, Italian and British forces during World War II. Mines have also been used in the east in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973 by Egyptian and Israeli forces. It must be noted, however, that when Egypt voices its concern about the mines of the "Western Desert," it generally neglects to mention that, according to its own estimates, many millions of mines are also found in the "Eastern Desert," laid by Egyptian and Israeli forces in their various conflicts. Problems As it is known, Egypt is one of the most mine-affected countries in the world. An estimated 22.7 million landmines lie buried beneath Egypt's soil - a figure that calculates to approximately one mine for every 3 citizens. A Ministry of Defense publication notes that 288,000 hectares of Egyptian territory are contaminated. Areas near the Egypt/Libya border, along the Red Sea coast of the Eastern Desert and areas of the Sinai Peninsula are also mined from the 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973 conflicts. (Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula in 1982.) International Funding for Mine Clearance Egypt has been seeking international financial support to clear its mines. According to the Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs and Disarmament, despite asking the international community many times for help, "no serious effort has been made to help us, except perhaps from a very small number of countries which one can count on the fingers of one hand.” Egypt seeks US$200 million in funding for mine clearance. The United Nations reports that Egypt has requested that Western countries responsible for the El Alamein battle contribute US$142 million for mine clearance and the government would pay an additional US$50 million. Germany has provided Egypt's mine clearance efforts with metal detectors and protective clothing while the United Kingdom has given $145,189 in mine clearance funding and equipment. The United States Humanitarian De-mining Program has allocated $1.5 million. Italy has provided de-mining training. The Egyptian Army has been involved in de-mining efforts since the end of World War Two. Egypt has four military national de-mining battalions of 480 troops; "millions of dollars each year" are budgeted for mine clearance. To date, supposedly 120,000 hectares of land have been cleared, removing a total of 12 million landmines. But, one main problem still remains, and that is the lack of information on the locations of mined areas, indicating a need for a more comprehensive survey. Also, rain, wind and shifting sands have moved the mines from their original locations or caused them to sink deeper than one meter into the earth. Additionally, is the problem old antitank mines planted during World War Two have become increasingly sensitive as they degraded over the decades, making them prone to function like an anti-personnel mine. Role of the Armed Forces in De-mining The most remarkable national effort recently exerted by Egypt in the process of de-mining is the role of the Armed Forces from 1973 to 1995. They cleared a vast area of lands reaching to 103,000 hectares; mostly in the Eastern Desert and Sinai. They removed about 11 million mines bringing down the number of planted land mines in Egypt from 34 million to 23 million mines. Mined areas fell to 288,000 hectares from 401,000 hectares. In a later phase, from 1995 up till now, the Armed Forces removed about 1.2 million mines. Thus the number of mines in Egypt fell from 23 million to 21.8 million mines and mined areas from 288,000 hectares to 284,000 hectares. Government Responsibility & NGOs On 3 April 2000 Egyptian Prime Minister Atef Ebeid issued Decree # 750/2000 to form a national committee for mine clearance. Membership in this committee includes fourteen ministries and three regional governorates and three NGOs. Strangely, two of these NGOs had not existed prior to this decree and the third does not presently work in the mine action area. (Could it be actor Hessein Fahmy's NGO?!) The Minister of Planning and International Cooperation heads the committee. More peculiar, four mine-affected cities or governorates were not included in the committee, namely Port Said, Ismailia, Suez, the Red Sea. It is also baffling that the only NGO engaged in mine action in Egypt (Landmines Struggle Center) were not included in the committee. International Responsibility The international communities should have a major role in Egypt's mines, especially in finance and technical aid. The mines of the Western Desert were planted totally during World War II and for which Egypt was not at all responsible, and the countries that planted these mines in Egypt should shoulder the responsibility and contribute to the cost for clearing these mines. In spite of the Egyptian diplomatic efforts in this respect, the international response has been inadequate and is below expectations. Germany refused to cooperate with Egypt for fear that such a commitment on its part will encourage other countries to establish a similar claim. Italy, an Axis power during the war, limited its assistance to training Egyptians in mine removal. The UN, on the other hand, has acknowledged the statistics presented by Egypt concerning the number of mines on its territory but has not considered the problem as urgent. Thus, the question posed now is how can the international role be activated? The most immediate task is to confirm the responsibility of the involved countries to clear these mines. Stronger attempts should be made to convince these countries to accept their responsibility under international law. The Ottawa Convention The problem is that potential donors - including Britain and Germany - are reluctant to fund large-scale clearance on the grounds that Egypt hasn't signed the Ottawa Treaty, banning the use of anti-personnel mines. Our principal objection is the missing clause in the Treaty, which stipulates that other countries that laid landmines on other people's territory should be responsible for removing them. Problems with Current Solutions For an Army, which has developed minefield breeching methods, the prospect of de-mining thousands of square kilometers of wind-blown desert and salt marsh is a huge challenge. The major problem in achieving a satisfactory level of clearance, is the cost required, which is too great. Appeals to Britain and Italy have yielded little assistance so far. Germany has been more generous: in 1998 the German government provided about 100 modern detectors (Föster 4400) and is currently offering to try the 'Mine Breaker' machine in the Western Desert. The US government has contributed US$500,000 in 1999 for some equipment such as mine rollers, and training. Furthermore, the Army engineers see most minefield problems in terms of detection. They need better ways to detect and locate mines and UXO in deep sand and mud. Accidents are also a problem, and sometimes occur while using metal detectors. This is really mind boggling, or should I say, mine bungling?! Now, what is the Government really going to do about it? It shouldn't put its head in the sand any longer, like an ostrich, lest it finds itself blown up. ______________________ * Courtesy of(alphabetically): - Duncan Green, CAFOD Policy Papers, the Ottawa Treaty, U.K. - Egyptian State Information Service, Egypt - Klaus Daerr, Sahara Overland, Germany - James Trevelyan, University of W. Australia, Australia - Landmine Monitor, International - Landmine Watch, International - New Internationalist magazine, USA - Sahara El-Kebira, Italy ------------------------------------ THIS FACT SHEET PROVIDES STATISTICS ON LANDMINES ALL OVER THE WORLD; THEIR VICTIMS, WHERE LANDMINES ARE MANUFACTURED, INCLUDING WHERE THEY ARE PLANTED AND WHO GETS HURT BY THEM: Murder and mutilation are the hallmarks of this indiscriminate weapon that can lie in wait for decades after a conflict has ended. In the heat of battle armies rarely keep track of minefields, let alone the numbers of mines they have deployed. As for mines in stockpiles - the usual reluctance of politicians and defence personnel prevents accurate disclosure. For these reasons landmine estimates are very rough. Figures relating to the wounded and the devastation caused in their lives are more reliable. THE BASICS: • There are an estimated 110 million active mines scattered in over 70 countries - in terms of people this translates as one for every 17 children or 52 humans in our world. • A further 110 million have been stockpiled. • 2,000 people are involved in landmine accidents every month - one victim every 20 minutes. Around 800 of these will die, the rest will be maimed. • One deminer is killed and two are injured for every 5,000 mines cleared. • About 100,000 mines are removed each year, but until recently 2 million more were being planted each year. • At the current rate it would take 1,100 years to rid the world of mines. That's assuming no new ones are laid. WHY THEY DON'T MAKE SENSE: • The most commonly used mines are cheap, between $3 and $30 each, but removing them can cost 50 times as much. • In 1996 the UN Secretary General increased his estimate of the resources needed to clear all existing mines from $33 billion to over $50 billion. In the same year funding for demining was less than $150 million.3 • None of this includes the costs of injury, the denial of land, the loss of trade, the impassable roads. • One study endorsed by high-ranking military officers from several countries found that among 26 conflicts examined since 1940 no case was found in which the use of landmines played a major role in determining the outcome. WHERE THE MINES CAME FROM: In most arenas of conflict, the mines used are not indigenously produced. THE WORST AFFECTED: - Under normal circumstances amputations are very rare. In the US, which does not have a landmines problem, the rate is 1 per 22,000 people. - The leader in sheer number of mines in the ground is Egypt with 23 million (a mixture of anti-tank and antipersonnel), many left over from World War Two, but they haven't caused large-scale havoc because they are confined to border regions. WHO THEY KILL: The vast majority of casualties are men, often soldiers, 87% in Cambodia and 76% in Afghanistan are men. But in some countries women and children account for over 30%. In some cases the overwhelming number of casualties have been civilians, this often coincides with a period of refugee return to heavily mined areas. In Namibia 88% of post-1980 casualties were civilians, in Mozambique (1994) 68%, and in Georgia (1994-95) 80%. Children can be undercounted as it is estimated that 85% die before reaching a hospital. In one instance, when refugees returned to Hargeisa in northern Somalia in 1991, 75% of mine victims were children, whose natural playfulness and herding and wood-gathering occupations put them at greater risk. THE SOCIAL COST: Landmines are found along roads, in fields and forests, beside power pylons, near wells and river banks, in homes and public buildings. As a result they can cause economic paralysis by restricting movement in what are usually agriculture-based economies. • Without landmines agricultural production could more than double in both Afghanistan and Cambodia. • In Libya 27% of the total arable land is unusable - due to mines left behind from World War Two, over 50 years ago. • In Somalia grazing land and water sources have been badly hit. The mining of roads made inflation shoot up. • In one region of Angola in 1988 the ICRC estimated the cost of delivering one tonne of relief supplies by rail and truck would have been $89 ¬ by aircraft it was $2,200. Similarly in Sudan in 1995, overland aid had to be replaced by air shipments costing $2,000 per tonne. THE MEDICAL COST: In war-torn countries medical services are ill-equipped and in disarray. Landmine injuries present a drain on available resources as they require complex surgery and more inputs. Surgical care and the fitting of an orthopaedic appliance cost at least $3,000 per amputee in 'developing' countries. For the 250,000 amputees estimated worldwide by the UN this means a bill of $750 million. • In Cambodia 61% of mine victims went into debt to pay for their medical treatment. In Afghanistan the proportion was even higher, at 84%. • A growing child's artificial limb should be replaced every six months; adults need a new one once every three to five years. Prostheses cost around $125: for a child of ten with a life expectancy of another 50 years the total cost is about $3,125. • In most affected countries rehabilitation services are limited and care for psychological trauma is non-existent. 1) Landmines refers to both antipersonnel and antitank mines. In recent conflicts the former variety has predominated. Unless otherwise indicated, all figures are from the International Committee of the Red Cross document Anti-personnel Mines: An Overview, 1996. The ICRC bases all its figures on landmine numbers on the UN Demining Database. 2) ICRC pamphlet Landmines must be Stopped, 1997. 3) ICRC Position Paper Landmines: crucial decisions in 1997, 1997. 4) ICRC, Anti-personnel Landmines: Friend or Foe? - 1996. 5) Red Cross, Red Crescent, 1997, Issue 2 6) Shawn Roberts and Jody Williams, 'Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation', Washington DC, 1995. By Hoda Nassef.
