When Palestinian artist Ashraf Fayadh was tried last year on blasphemy-related charges, the Saudi judges overseeing the case rejected the prosecution's request for a death sentence for apostasy. Instead, he was sentenced to 800 lashes and four years in prison over a book of poetry he wrote and for allegedly having illicit relations with women. An appeal was filed and the case was sent back to the lower court, but this time around judges threw out defense witness testimony, refused to accept Fayadh's repentance and on Nov. 17 sentenced him to execution for apostasy. His friends are now asking how the case could draw such different verdicts, especially when, according to U.S.-based Human Rights Watch, two of the three judges in the original case also served in the retrial. The case illustrates how courts in Saudi Arabia can issue vastly different punishments based on how judges interpret Islamic Shariah law, a system derived from scholarly interpretations of the Quran and verified and documented rulings and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. According to Human Rights Watch, which is closely monitoring the case, Fayadh was charged with blasphemy, spreading atheism and having an illicit relationship with women, based on pictures found on his phone. He told the court the pictures were of women he had met at an art gallery. A copy of the court's ruling obtained by The Associated Press sheds some light into how judges came to issue the death sentence. Fayadh's friends had submitted testimony disputing the veracity of a complaint filed to the religious police by an acquaintance who accused him of making blasphemous comments about God, the Prophet Muhammad and the Saudi state during a heated discussion at a cafe in Abha, the southwestern city where the case was heard. The one-page court document says their testimony was not accepted in the retrial because the defendant's own "admission is the strongest evidence," without specifying what Fayadh admitted to. He was arrested and released within a day for that argument in August 2013, says Human Rights Watch. Just days earlier, Fayadh's friends say he may have caught the attention of religious police when he filmed one of them slapping a man on the face and forcibly pinning him against a wall in Abha. The video on YouTube has been viewed nearly 195,000 times. While judges in the initial trial accepted Fayadh's repentance for anything deemed offensive to religion in his poetry book, judges in the retrial said the case was considered an instance of "hadd" — specific crimes, such as apostasy, that have fixed punishments in Islam. Shariah law is open to various interpretations, and many Muslim clerics say the death penalty is not the standard punishment for someone who leaves the faith or is an apostate, sourcing it to the Prophet Muhammad's pardon of a Muslim who had renounced Islam. Saudi Arabia's ultraconservative teachings of Islam, known as Wahhabism, have drawn comparisons to some of the ideologies underpinning the extremist Islamic State group, which executes non-Muslims and Muslims alike for criticism of the faith. In Saudi Arabia, however, there are no known cases in recent years of executions for apostasy, though 152 people have been executed this year for crimes like murder, rape and drug smuggling, according to Amnesty International. Saudi Shariah Courts can issue discretionary judgments on a wide number of crimes, which also gives way to leniency. But in crimes of "hadd," even the Saudi king cannot issue a pardon, though he can interject if there are questions around how the case was handled, according to Human Rights Watch researcher Adam Coogle, and Fayadh's friends who are familiar with the case. In a separate case that drew widespread condemnation, including from Saudi Arabia's closest Western allies, Saudi blogger Raif Badawi was publicly flogged 50 times this year and is serving a 10-year sentence for criticizing the kingdom's powerful religious establishment online. The judges in Fayadh's retrial sentenced him to death after one hearing, whereas the first trial lasted six hearings, Coogle said. Nowhere in the court's second judgment did it state what Fayadh said that was allegedly insulting to God and religion. "It's really up to the whim of judges in these cases," Coogle said. Fayadh's brother-in-law, Osama Abu Raya, was quoted in the Saudi Al-Watan news website this week describing the artist's 2008 Arabic poetry book "Instructions Within" as a compilation of his thoughts as a young man. He said the book was not widely published. The court only began assessing the book last year after the man who filed the complaint against him also mentioned his poetry to the religious police. Then a fatwa council, which issues religious edicts, was asked to analyze it. The 35-year-old had been better known for his role in the modern art world, curating an exhibition of Saudi artists at the 2013 Venice Biennale. He also curated a show in Saudi Arabia called "Mostly Visible" that was visited by the director of London's Tate Modern, Chris Dercon. He produced Saudi artist Ahmed Matar's presentation "Word Into Art" at the British Museum in 2005. Matar, speaking to the AP by telephone, said Fayadh's poetry book was about Palestinian issues. He said Fayadh, who was born and raised in Abha, "is in a weak position" because he is Palestinian and does not have the backing of a powerful Saudi tribe to mediate. In a statement, the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank publicly appealed to Saudi Arabia to release him. The Saudi government's human rights body says it sent representatives to meet with Fayadh in prison in Abha, where he has been under arrest since January 2014. Fayadh's case will likely be bumped back to the appeals court and then to the Supreme Court for a final ruling. "He's not an atheist. He is a Muslim artist and poet... He's very sensitive, he's very intelligent. He's a very good friend to major artists," said Stephen Stapleton, founding director of the London-based Edge of Arabia, which promotes Saudi artists. "The reality of art is you're going to have to cases like this," he added. For more arts and culture news and updates, follow Ahram Online Arts and Culture on Twitter at@AhramOnlineArtsand on Facebook atAhram Online: Arts & Culture http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/171772.aspx
