DUBAI May 2, 2018 (AP) — The International Monetary Fund said Wednesday that nearly a quarter of the Middle East's youth are unemployed, warning that unless deeper reforms are made, millions of young people entering the labour market each year may not find jobs. The IMF says current levels of growth across the region will not generate a sufficient number of jobs to reduce unemployment, which was one of the main grievances behind the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings. Economic growth for oil-exporting countries in the region topped 5 per cent in 2016, but slowed to 1.7 per cent just a year later. The IMF predicts an upward trend of close to 3 per cent this year and 3.3 per cent in 2019. For the Middle East's oil-importing nations, economic growth is expected to remain steady at well over 4 per cent. "This region is a very young region. Almost 60 per cent of the population is below 30 and the level of unemployment at the youth level exceeds 30 per cent," said Jihad Azour, the IMF's Mideast and Central Asia department director. "This needs to be addressed." Azour, who spoke with The Associated Press for the launch of a new report, said countries in the region must push ahead with deeper structural reforms. The IMF is urging governments to upgrade the skills of their workforce and provide the private sector with greater access to finance. The IMF has also encouraged Mideast oil importers and exporters to reduce spending and find new sources of revenue by introducing new taxes and lifting subsidies. This year, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain– traditionally known for being tax-free havens– introduced a 5 per cent value-added tax to most goods and services to increase state revenue. Despite such efforts, the cumulative fiscal deficit for the six oil-exporting countries in the Gulf, plus Algeria, Iraq, Iran, Yemen and Libya, is projected to reach $294 billion over the next five years, the IMF report found. The IMF's report stressed that structural reforms in the region "should also be underpinned by efforts to increase transparency and accountability, and by stronger institutions and governance." The IMF predicts growth rates of about 4.9 per cent over the coming five years for oil-importing Middle Eastern countries, but says these "growth rates remain too low to effectively reduce unemployment, particularly for young people." These countries, which include Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and Syria, would need sustained growth of at least 6.2 per cent a year just to keep unemployment at its current average rate of 10 per cent, the IMF report found. The IMF's updated regional outlook says that governments in the region continue to spend heavily to employ their nationals with large and growing public sector wage bills. Despite this, the IMF says "unemployment has remained high, and overly generous public sector compensation has distorted labour markets." In Gulf Arab countries there are numerous perks to working for the government. In some of these countries, for example, the IMF says the gap between public sector wages and those in the private sector is 200 per cent, making government jobs that much more coveted. At 50 per cent, Oman has the highest percentage of youth unemployment of any Arab country. Seventy per cent of women in Oman are also outside the labour force, according to the IMF. In countries like Egypt and Saudi Arabia, more than 30 per cent of youth are unemployed and close to 80 per cent of women are outside the labour force. The lender noted some positive steps taken by countries to address these issues. The UAE, for example, has invested in education and innovation. Egypt doubled its budget allocation for public day care to assist women going back to work. Iran has developed job-creation programs for women and young people. In oil-importing Egypt, tourism and export levels have improved since last year. Growth is projected to rise to 5.2 per cent this year, up 1 per cent from last year. The IMF expects growth to reach 5.5 per cent in 2019, aided by an increase in gas production. Azour said Egypt needs to create between 700,000 to 1 million new jobs per year. He said Egypt must take steps to allow the private sector to create these jobs sustainably. "Allow the private sector to be in the leading role and for the state to move from being an operator to an enabler, and give more room for the private sector to invest" he said. In oil-exporting Iran, growth has slowed over the past two years. Iran recently announced it will switch from the U.S. dollar to the euro as its official reporting foreign currency, in part to reduce its reliance on the dollar amid tensions with Washington. Iran's currency has lost nearly half its value since September, sinking to a record low against the dollar before authorities enforced a fixed rate.
