Non-native honeybees are threatening the survival of plants that rely on interactions with specific pollinators and are competing for resources with native bees in the region of Saint Catherine Protectorate in South Sinai, Egypt, as the region is not accustomed to the non-native species, according to a new research study. In the study, researchers monitored interactions between plants and their pollinators in the mountains of Saint Catherine Protectorate in South Sinai, as the region supports many range-restricted endemic plants and pollinators whose future may be jeopardised by the recent introduction of alien honeybees. According to the study, the mountains of the region are characterised by the presence of Bedouin orchard gardens which act as hotspots for biodiversity, providing a valuable habitat for wild plants, pollinators, and migratory birds. These gardens form the basis of traditional Bedouin livelihoods, but recently, human-managed honeybee hives have been introduced to supplement their income. The study, published in Diversity and Distributions journal, was led by Olivia Norfolk of Anglia Ruskin University, who carried out the work alongside academics from the University of Nottingham. Findings of the research found that introduced honeybees were extremely generalised in their foraging behaviour, visiting 55% of available plant species. However, they made few visits to range-restricted plants and showed high levels of resource-overlap with range-restricted bees. The research also suggests that in an arid resource-limited environment such as North Sinai, the presence of high numbers of super-generalist honeybees may pose a competitive threat to native bees, particularly in periods of drought. A previous study in California showed that high numbers of feral honeybees reduced bumblebee populations through intensified competition over floral resources. The research also found that the range-restricted plants were significantly more specialised than wider-ranged counterparts. These plants showed a much higher dependence on range-restricted pollinators and received very few visits from the introduced honeybee. "The effects of floral competition, where honeybees out-compete more efficient native pollinators, could lead to a drop in native bee visitation and a subsequent decrease in their reproductive success," the study said. "In this mountain system, range-restricted plants exhibited much higher levels of specialisation than their pollinators, suggesting that they may be more vulnerable to extinction," said Norfolk, who is a lecturer in animal and environmental biology at Anglia Ruskin University. "Range-restricted pollinators exhibited high resource overlap with the super-abundant honeybee, which could lead to resource competition. Even a small reduction in the population size of range-restricted bees could be detrimental for the reproductive success of range-restricted plants, which depend on low numbers of specialised interactions." Norfolk added that the introduction of honeybee hives is a common strategy encouraged by charities and NGOs to supplement livelihoods in rural regions. "Our research suggests that hives should be introduced with caution because super-generalist honeybees compete with native pollinators and can cause pollination risks for range-restricted plants," Norfolk said. "Any economic benefits associated with honey production must be balanced against the negative impacts to local wildlife, such as the potential extinction of endemic plant species of high conservation concern," she said.
