LONDON: Western oil firms are unlikely to face widespread asset seizures or contract revisions as a result of Arab uprisings, thanks to deft diplomacy, legal protections and efforts to depict themselves as partners of the local citizenry. In the past, big political shifts in the Middle East have often been followed by the eviction of foreign oil producers — Muammar Gaddafi in Libya, Saddam Hussein in Iraq and Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran to cite a few examples. This time around, upheaval has hit Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Tunisia and Syria — not the biggest oil producers in the Arab world but among the most open to foreign investment. Companies including BP Plc, Exxon Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell have spent billions there. "I wouldn't describe us as worried. We're being vigilant," said Bob Dudley, chief executive of BP, echoing comments from other companies. The new governments that have emerged, or may emerge, are expected by and large to remain supportive of foreign investment, because they will wish to maintain output and government revenues. "I don't see there being a large nationalistic wave," said Richard Quin, Middle East analyst at Wood Mackenzie. In the past popular anger toward a regime has spilled over to the companies that supported it, but oil companies say that over the past two decades, they have positioned themselves on the side of communities, rather than as agents of government. "Companies now are not so closely aligned with governments," said Mahdi Sajjad, president of Syria-focused Gulfsands Petroleum, whose shares have been hit by investor fears about the unrest. In part this has been achieved by investing in community engagement projects. Oil contracts that are more transparent and more favorable towards host nations also play a big role. Contract changes Up to the 1970s, oil contracts were opaque and seen as beneficial to companies and the region's frequently corrupt governments — at the expense of citizens. Now contracts usually follow internationally accepted models. This will help oil executives argue they are giving host nations the best deal that a new leadership could hope to get and, therefore, that existing contracts should be respected. "We look at it (investment) from a perspective of the fundamental stakeholders, the population of the country .. rather than through the lens of the current incumbent government," said Frank Chapman, chief executive of British Gas producer BG Group. "What we are doing in Tunisia and Egypt is sustainable," he added. Oil companies have beaten a path to new leaders in Egypt and Tunisia, and, an Italian ministerial source told Reuters last month, even to Libyan rebel leaders. Companies say the signals received so far do not point to widespread asset seizures. If new governments do seek to expropriate oil fields or to rewrite contracts, companies will find they have greater legal protection than they did when the last wave of nationalization swept through the Arab world in the 1970s. Modern contracts bar governments from taking unilateral action to seize assets and can limit their ability to hike taxes. And if there is a dispute over whether the government has overstepped its authority, companies don't have to worry about arguing their cases in front of potentially biased local courts. "Contracts usually provide for arbitration in a neutral venue," Anthony Sinclair, a partner with law firm Allen & Overy said. Potential for loss still In addition, many countries have signed bilateral investment treaties, known as BITs, which commit them to protect foreign investments in their territories. "There are close to 3,000 of these treaties in existence," Sinclair said. These will help deter unilateral moves against companies, but they will not protect companies against all losses. International litigation can drag on for decades, during which opportunities are lost, said Harry Clark, partner at Dewey & LeBoeuf. This suggests companies might agree to unfavorable contract changes that would not be upheld in court. Also oil companies can face a big financial hit if instability delays production. "The oil industry values everything in net present value terms ... (and) because you are pushing things out, on a discounted cash flow basis, that will erode value," said Quin. BP and other companies have suspended operations in Libya, while French oil major Total said it lost production at one field in Yemen due to the conflict there. Sajjad said Gulfsands' operations in Syria were unaffected, but the conflict could create difficulties in importing equipment there and in other countries — especially if new sanctions are imposed against governments fighting revolts. There is little companies can do to limit such losses. Yet some executives say the problems thrown up by the Arab Spring simply reflect the intrinsic nature of the oil business. "It is always like that in exploration, you can always face different kinds of issues .. This is part of life for an oil and gas company," said Total head of strategy Jean-Jacques Mosconi. –Additional reporting by Stephen Jewkes in Milan, Jonathan Gleave in Madrid
