EGX ends in red on August 20    Egyptian pound weakens against US dollar on August 20    Contact Reports Strong 1H-2025 on Financing, Insurance Gains    Egypt expresses 'deep dissatisfaction' to Netherlands over embassy attack    Global pressure mounts as Gaza fighting intensifies and death toll surges    Egypt, India's BDR Group in talks to establish biologics, cancer drug facility    AUC graduates first cohort of film industry business certificate    At TICAD, Egypt's education minister signs pacts with Casio, SAPIX    Madbouly invites Japanese firms to establish industrial zone in SCZONE    Cairo, Tokyo sign LOI to expand educational cooperation, support for persons with disabilities    Egypt to tighten waste rules, cut rice straw fees to curb pollution    Al-Sisi meets Qatar PM, Bahrain security adviser to discuss Gaza crisis, regional stability    Egypt's FM, Palestinian PM visit Rafah crossing to review Gaza aid    Egypt prepares unified stance ahead of COP30 in Brazil    Egypt recovers collection of ancient artefacts from Netherlands    Egypt harvests 315,000 cubic metres of rainwater in Sinai as part of flash flood protection measures    Egypt, Namibia explore closer pharmaceutical cooperation    Fitch Ratings: ASEAN Islamic finance set to surpass $1t by 2026-end    Renowned Egyptian novelist Sonallah Ibrahim dies at 88    Egyptian, Ugandan Presidents open business forum to boost trade    Al-Sisi says any party thinking Egypt will neglect water rights is 'completely mistaken'    Egypt's Sisi warns against unilateral Nile measures, reaffirms Egypt's water security stance    Egypt's Sisi, Uganda's Museveni discuss boosting ties    Egypt, Huawei explore healthcare digital transformation cooperation    Egypt's Sisi, Sudan's Idris discuss strategic ties, stability    Egypt to inaugurate Grand Egyptian Museum on 1 November    Greco-Roman rock-cut tombs unearthed in Egypt's Aswan    Egypt reveals heritage e-training portal    Sisi launches new support initiative for families of war, terrorism victims    Egypt expands e-ticketing to 110 heritage sites, adds self-service kiosks at Saqqara    Palm Hills Squash Open debuts with 48 international stars, $250,000 prize pool    On Sport to broadcast Pan Arab Golf Championship for Juniors and Ladies in Egypt    Golf Festival in Cairo to mark Arab Golf Federation's 50th anniversary    Germany among EU's priciest labour markets – official data    Paris Olympic gold '24 medals hit record value    A minute of silence for Egyptian sports    Russia says it's in sync with US, China, Pakistan on Taliban    It's a bit frustrating to draw at home: Real Madrid keeper after Villarreal game    Shoukry reviews with Guterres Egypt's efforts to achieve SDGs, promote human rights    Sudan says countries must cooperate on vaccines    Johnson & Johnson: Second shot boosts antibodies and protection against COVID-19    Egypt to tax bloggers, YouTubers    Egypt's FM asserts importance of stability in Libya, holding elections as scheduled    We mustn't lose touch: Muller after Bayern win in Bundesliga    Egypt records 36 new deaths from Covid-19, highest since mid June    Egypt sells $3 bln US-dollar dominated eurobonds    Gamal Hanafy's ceramic exhibition at Gezira Arts Centre is a must go    Italian Institute Director Davide Scalmani presents activities of the Cairo Institute for ITALIANA.IT platform    







Thank you for reporting!
This image will be automatically disabled when it gets reported by several people.



The failures of Egyptian agricultural policy
Published in Daily News Egypt on 20 - 06 - 2010

CAIRO: In his recently published book “The crisis of Egypt's rural society – The end of the fellah?” Habib Ayeb, researcher at the American University in Cairo's social research center, sheds light on the precarious situation Egyptian farmers face today, mainly blaming excessive land fragmentation.
Egyptian agriculture is characterized by small-scale properties, threatened by an ongoing fragmentation. In the last agricultural census in 2000, 43 percent of the farmers were owners of less than 1 feddan — compared to 36.7 percent in 1999 — owning together only 8.5 percent of the total agricultural surface. Compared to this, only 3 percent of the farmers own more than 10 feddans. This 3 percent of farmers owns 33 percent of the Egyptian agricultural land.
These small holders owning less than 1 feddan are referred to by the World Bank as “poor holders”, among which the illiteracy rate is especially high.
“Only 20 percent of the small holders' income actually comes from agriculture. They can barely survive from their land,” Ayeb said during the conference he held at the French Cultural Center last Monday. He explained that a farmer needs 3-5 feddans to generate sustainable income for the whole family.
“It is an alarming situation, but a reversible process, if the politicians are willing to radically change the current agricultural policies.”
“In the last decades, Egyptian agricultural policies have focused on developing an export-oriented agricultural production, leading to the marginalization of subsistence agriculture, a type of agricultural cultivation aiming at local consumption,” Ayeb explained.
“Nowadays, we are in a paradox situation: Egypt is a leading country in exporting agricultural goods, but does import the majority of its aliments,” he added. “Some farms that have been created in the Egyptian Western Desert export 100 percent of their production. This is not a sustainable agricultural policy.”
The reasons behind this deficit in the agricultural trade balance lie, according to Ayeb, in the failure of the agricultural reform initiated in the 1990s. “The political discourse was and is saying that property fragmentation leads to poverty and that therefore, to combat poverty, property has to be concentrated in the hands of some large-scale farmers,” Ayeb explained.
Heavily criticizing the agricultural reform initiated by former Minister of Agriculture Youssef Wali in the 1990s, Ayeb sees the fragmentation of the agricultural land in Egypt not as the reason, but as the result of these policies and subsequently the crisis in this sector. The government's efforts were, indeed, to reverse Nasser's inherited socialist agricultural reform through liberalization of the agricultural sector.
Before the 1992 law was applied, agricultural rental contracts were transferable from one generation to another, herewith giving the families the security and incentive to make long term investments. In addition, the rent was fixed by the state.
With the entering into force of the 1992 law on Jan. 1, 1997, all existing renting contracts were automatically terminated and all the land had to be given back to their owners.
Simultaneously, prices for rent and sale were liberalized, which led to a radical increase. “In 1997, an average feddan would cost LE 500 per year, today they are rented between LE 4,000 and LE 6,000,” Ayeb said, “And now consider that the production of an average feddan brings around LE 8,000 a year.”
The reform led to a reallocation of the agricultural land among the farmers, triggering the creation of a new group, “the farmers without land”, as Ayeb calls them. From those working in farming, percentage of owners has drastically increased up to 92 percent (mainly owning less than 1 or 10 feddans each) and the percentage of renters decreased down to 6 percent, the remaining 2 percent lost their source of income.
“Instead of trying to find work in other sectors, they mostly work on the land of some owners for a season or a year, without a contract and without being registered,” Ayeb said.
“The system gets perverted, the owners benefit from the subsidies they get from the state (pesticides, seeds, material) and sell them to the workers for the market price, thus financially profiting from this situation,” he continued.
But, the redistribution of the land did not lead to the expected concentration of property: More than 10 years after the reform, there are still — as in 1990 — around 3.5 million farmers in Egypt, among which the land is split. Ayeb explains this stagnation of the Egyptian rural population saying, “The poorer they are, the more they stick to their land, their last remaining property.”
Even if the government policies succeed in concentrating the land ownership in a way that would circumvent the excessive fragmentation, it would mean that thousands of farmers would lose their main, sometimes their only, source of income, he argued.
“But fortunately their reform did not succeed in concentrating the agricultural lands in the hands of some big agricultural companies,” Ayeb concluded. “This would be a nightmare.”


Clic here to read the story from its source.