Beijing has issued a second pollution red alert, little more than a week after the first ever such warning. The Chinese capital will see hazardous smog from Saturday until Tuesday, the Beijing Meteorological Service said. Nationwide, a vast area from Xian in central China to Harbin in the north-east would also be affected, the National Meteorological Centre said. The alert triggers restrictions on vehicle use, factories and construction work. The government has promised to take action to address often dangerous levels of pollution. Meteorological authorities have said that the regional smog is likely to be worse than the last red alert earlier this month, with the PM2.5 pollution level to exceed 500 micrograms per cubic metre. The smog which hit Beijing on 8 December had peaked just below 300. Residents are encouraged to stay indoors if levels exceed that level. The World Health Organization recommends 25 micrograms per cubic metre as the maximum safe level. Authorities released a map showing that heavy smog would blanket a swathe of the country spanning nearly 2,000km (1,200 miles), encompassing at least 12 major cities, with Beijing and nearby city Shijiazhuang heaviest hit. The other cities would experience medium or lesser levels of smog. The news was greeted with exasperation and worry among Chinese citizens online. "Here we go again!" said Weibo user JingjingchuchuV. "I really don't know what the government is doing? It can predict the smog but not take the appropriate measures beforehand, rather it's letting the smog harm citizens," said Beijingpuer. The current four-level alert system was instituted about two years years ago, although the red alert had never been issued until this month. Coal-powered industries and heating systems - in heavy use during the cold Beijing winter - are major contributors to the smog, which is made worse by weather conditions and the city's geography. Beijing is bordered to the south and east by industrial areas that generate pollution, and to the north and west by mountains that trap it over the city. China still depends on coal for more than 60% of its power, despite big investments in renewable energy sources. Earlier this month China was part of the landmark Paris climate change agreement, that set a course for China, and the world, to move away from fossil fuels in the long term. What are PM 2.5 particles? -Particulate matter, or PM, 2.5 is a type of pollution involving fine particles less than 2.5 microns (0.0025mm) in diameter. -A second type, PM 10, is of coarser particles with a diameter of up to 10 microns. -Some occur naturally - e.g. from dust storms and forest fires, others from human industrial processes. -They often consist of fragments that are small enough to reach the lungs or, in the smallest cases, to cross into the bloodstream as well. -A build-up of PM2.5 in the lungs has been associated with causing respiratory illnesses and lung damage.
