The United States is pressing India to stop buying Venezuelan oil that is a major source of revenue for President Nicolas Maduro's government, Washington's top envoy for Venezuela said, as the Trump administration this week threatened more U.S. sanctions to cut off Maduro's financial lifelines. “We say you should not be helping this regime, you should be on the side of the Venezuelan people,” Elliott Abrams told Reuters in an interview. The Trump administration has given the same message to other governments, Abrams said, and has made a similar argument to foreign banks and private companies doing business with the Maduro government. Abrams described the U.S. approach as “arguing, cajoling, urging.” The pressure on India comes as the United States and its regional allies, who back Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaido, threaten more sanctions to cut off revenue streams to Maduro's government and force him to step down. Washington views Guaido as Venezuela's legitimate leader and has imposed sanctions on the country's oil sector and announced asset freezes and travel bans targeting top government officials. The Indian market is crucial for Venezuela's economy because it has historically been the second-largest cash-paying customer for the OPEC country's crude, behind the United States, which through sanctions against Maduro has handed control of much of that revenue to Guaido. Oil shipments to China, Venezuela's other major importer, do not generate cash because they go to pay off billions of dollars in loans made to Caracas by Beijing. The talks over Venezuela come as trade tensions rise between Washington and New Delhi, and when the United States is also pushing India to cease buying Iranian oil. The United States is planning to end preferential trade treatment for India that allows duty-free entry for up to $5.6 billion worth of its exports to the United States. SECONDARY SANCTIONS? U.S. sanctions typically block American firms from doing business with specific foreign governments or companies. Seeking to prevent Indian purchases of Venezuelan crude would be part of a strategy known as “secondary sanctions,” in which Washington applies penalties to companies not based in the United States. That strategy, and even the threat of using it, was vital in Washington's pressure campaign to cut off revenue to Iran, which eventually helped force Tehran to negotiate a nuclear deal with six world powers in 2015. But it has drawn criticism from some foreign governments who argue that the United States should not be able to force its policy decisions on firms in other countries. U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton this week put foreign banks “on notice” that they risked U.S. sanctions for hiding Venezuelan assets. “If that leads to people to cooperate voluntarily, we're glad,” Abrams said. Asked whether India had agreed to stop buying Venezuelan oil, Abrams said: “I don't want to characterize the discussions, which continue.” The issue will be discussed next week during U.S.-India diplomatic consultations in Washington, an Indian official said, adding that India “was very cognizant of the U.S. position” on Venezuela. VITAL MARKET Manuel Quevedo, Venezuela's oil minister, attended a conference in New Delhi in mid-February seeking to “double” the country's crude exports to India while boosting Venezuelan imports of Indian refined products. He also said he was open to barter payments. But Venezuela's exports to India remained relatively stable in the month since the Trump administration slapped sanctions on Venezuela's state-run oil company PDVSA, meaning shipments were not nearly enough to make up for the fall in U.S. sales. Venezuela directly exported 297,000 barrels per day (bpd) of crude to India in February, according to Refinitiv Eikon data, which does not include barrels first shipped to other ports such as Singapore or Rotterdam. India imported 342,000 bpd of Venezuelan crude in January, and an average of 340,000 bpd last year. That was well off the more than 400,000 bpd India used to import, on average, and not nearly enough to make up for the drop in U.S. imports to 104,800 bpd in February from more than 500,000 bpd before the sanctions hit. India is also being pressured by lawmakers from both major U.S. parties. Republican Senator Marco Rubio tweeted on Feb. 13 that Indian refiner Reliance Petroleum's purchases of Venezuelan oil would undermine Guaido's “legitimate government” and “lead to calls for secondary sanctions on Reliance”. Albio Sires, chairman of the U.S. House of Representatives' subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, wrote to India's ambassador in Washington on Feb. 12 expressing concern about what Sires called Venezuela's “attempts to work around U.S. efforts to hold Maduro accountable and approach one of our strongest partners in the process.” “We're going to start doing some lobbying to see if we can get India not to buy oil from Venezuela,” Sires, a Democrat, said in a late February interview. Venezuelan oil made up just 4.2 percent of India's total imports in January, data show. Venezuela is also not a top foreign policy priority for India, as it is for other major buyers like Russia, said Moises Rendon of the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington. “The U.S. has enough leverage to get India to pull away the relationship with Venezuela,” Rendon said. “That's why the U.S. role here is key.”
