I recently read that some silly organization (American) is trying to make a ‘new' list of ‘Seven Wonders of the World' – probably taking into account that most of the Ancient 7 Wonders no longer exists. As usual, people tend to try to change history, one way or another, to suit their social, cultural or even political needs! Anyway, there exists or used to exist only Seven Wonders of the World, whether we like it or not! However, there are minor ‘other' ancient wonders, probably more recent, such as the Great Wall of China and many other formidable man-made constructions, but the original list consists of the most ancient man-made wonders. The list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World was originally compiled around the second century BC, although Herodotus wrote about the idea as long ago as the 5th century BC. The final list of the Seven Wonders was compiled during the Middle Ages. The list comprised the seven most impressive monuments of the Ancient World, some of which barely survived to the Middle Ages. I am proud to mention that two out of the seven, were in Egypt; one (the Pharos lighthouse, which no longer exists)…and the other; the Pyramids, which are still a wonder and still exist. However, if we look at the monuments in Luxor, Aswan and elsewhere in Egypt, I would suggest more than two! 1) The Great Pyramids of Giza The Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty around the year 2560 BC. The structure consists of approximately 2 million blocks of stone, each weighing more than two tons. When it was built, the Great pyramid was 481 ft high. It ranked as the tallest structure on Earth for more than 43 centuries. It is the oldest and only surviving 'wonder'. 2) Hanging Gardens of Babylon Terraced gardens adjoining Nebuchadnezzar's palace said to rise from 75-300 feet. Supposedly built by the king about 600 BC to please his wife, a princess from the mountains, but they are also associated with the Assyrian Queen Semiramis. Most descriptions of the Gardens come from Greek historians, but Babylonian records stay silent on the matter. 3) Statue of Zeus at Olympia Carved by Phidias, the 40-foot statue marked the site of the original Olympic games in the 400s BC. It was constructed of ivory and gold, and showed Zeus on his throne. It was regarded as the greatest work in Greek sculpture. Today nothing remains at the site of the old temple except the foundation of the buildings, and fallen columns. 4) Temple of Artemis at Ephesus Constructed of parian marble and more than 400 feet long with over 100 columns 60 ft high, it was begun about 550 BC and took some 120 years to build. It was decorated with bronze statues sculpted by the most skilled artists of their time: Phidias, Polycleitus, Kresilas, and Phradmon. In 356 BC a man named Herostratus burned the temple to ground in an attempt to immortalize his name. 5) Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Erected by Queen Artemisia in memory of her husband King Mausolus of Caria (in Asia Minor), who died 353 BC. It stood 140 feet high. The beauty of the Mausoleum is not only in the structure itself, but in the decorations and statues that adorned the outside at different levels on the podium and the roof. All that remains are a few pieces in the British Museum and the word 'mausoleum' in the English language. 6) Colossus of Rhodes Gigantic bronze statue of the sun god Helios (or Apollo); it stood about 117 feet high, dominating the harbour entrance at Rhodes. The sculptor Chares supposedly laboured for 12 years before he completed it in 282 BC. It was destroyed by an earthquake about 226 BC. It has long been believed that the Colossus stood in front of the harbor straddling its entrance. That is improbable and recent studies suggest that it was erected on the eastern embankment of the harbor. 7) Pharos of Alexandria* Marble lighthouse and watchtower built about 270 BC on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour. Possibly standing 400 feet high, it had, at the top stage, a mirror which reflected sunlight during the day while fire was used during the night. Its reflection could be seen more than 35 miles off-shore. Of the six vanished Wonders, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was the last to disappear. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1375. *Pharos at Alexandria (One of the Seven Wonders of the World) “Sostratus, the son of Dexiphanes, the Cnidian, dedicated this to the Saviour Gods, on behalf of those who sail the seas.” Dedicatory inscription on Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria. Almost everyone has heard of Pharos at Alexandria – one of the Seven Wonders of the World. There is no question about its existence, but we are still not entirely sure of the years when it was built. The best estimate is that it was constructed sometime after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. Its great size would have meant that it took possibly twenty years to construct. It is fairly certain to have been completed by 270 BC. The city of Alexandria was still new when the building of Pharos began. The death of Alexander the Great gave Emperor Ptolemy a new financial, as well as political freedom. Released from the obligation to send taxes to Byzantium, he embarked upon a spending spree, expanding his new city with vigour. He decided upon a massive new project to build a lighthouse and commissioned an architect called Sostratus to design it. The lighthouse was to be built on an island in the Bay of Alexandria and linked to the shore by a narrow isthmus. Whether the lighthouse was called Pharos because of the name of the island on which it was built, or whether the name of the island arose because of the Pharos being built there is not known for sure. Pharos was the Greek word for lighthouse, but we have no precise knowledge of its entry into the language. Light structures had been in existence for a thousand years so, at the time of the building of the Pharos, the existing Greek word was applied to it and the island on which it stood. Meaning of a practical use in addition to its architectural elegance Pharos - The Lighthouse of Alexandria: For sailors, it ensured a safe return to the Great Harbor. For architects, it meant even more: it was the tallest building on Earth (117m). And for scientists, it was the mysterious mirror that fascinated them most. The mirror which reflection could be seen more than 50 km off-shore. ________________________________________ The NEW Seven Wonders of the World! In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New Seven Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments for profit. 21 finalists were announced January 1, 2006. Egypt was not happy with the fact that their ancient landmark, Great Pyramid of Giza, would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty, the Sydney Opera House, and other landmarks; and called the project absurd. To solve this, Giza was named an honorary candidate without the need for competition. The results were announced on July 7, 2007. Hence, this is the current latest official result of the new Seven Wonders of the World even though not all people in the world participated in the voting campaign. Mainly, it is the Western people that vote the most and still the results released received many positive and negative feedbacks. It's just too subjective, over which one is nicer? More impressive? No exact answer to that, and everyone can have their own list of seven wonders…! The list below is from the 'New7Wonders': 1. Chichen Itza It is a large pre-Columbian archaeological site built by the Maya civilization in Yucatan Peninsula (present day Mexico). The site contains fine stone buildings connected by dense networks of formerly paved roads. The buildings are grouped in a series of architectonic sets. One of the famous buildings on the site is the Monument of El Castillo. Chichen Itza was a major focal point in northern Maya lowlands from Late Classic (600 AD) till Early Post classic period. 2. Statue of Christ, The Redeemer It is a statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, considered as the second largest Art Deco statue in the world. It is 39.6 m tall including the 9.5 m pedestal. It is on the peak of 700 m – Corcovado Mountain overlooking the city with perfect natural setting. It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone and was constructed between 1922 and 1931. It is a standing figure with open arms in the shape of the Christian cross with the pedestal symbolizing the world. It is also a symbol of peace. 3. Colosseum It is a huge elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. It can hold up to 80 000 people at a time and is the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering, constructed between 72 AD and 80 AD. The open-air colosseum is for many events such as gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as animal hunts, dramas and even executions. It is 189 m long, 156 m wide and 48 m tall with base area of 24 000 metres square. 4. Great Wall of China It is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China built for protection from invasions by various nomadic groups. Several walls have been built since 5th century BC, and the most famous being built by China's first emperor, Qin Shih Huang Ti from 220 to 206 BC, and majority of the walls are built in Ming Dynasty later. The wall stretches over 8851 km (6259 km of actual wall, 359 km of trenches and 2232 km of natural defensive barriers). 5. Machu Picchu It is a pre-Columbian 15th century Inca site located 2430 m above sea level, above Urubamba Valley in Peru. It is believed to be built as an estate for the Inca Emperor, Pachacuti (1438 – 1472) and is often referred to as the Lost City of Incas. It is built in classical Inca style, with polished dry stone walls and its three primary buildings are Intihuatana, Temple of the Sun and Room of the Three Windows which are all located at the Sacred District of Machu Picchu. 6. Petra It is a historical and archaeological city in Jordan, known for its rock cut architecture and water conduits system. Established sometime around the 6th century BC as the capital city of Nabataeans; it is a symbol of Jordan. It lies on the slope of Mount Hor. The city is often visited by flash floods and droughts, and hence efficient storm water and water storage systems were created like dams, cisterns and conduits to enable the city to prosper. 7. Taj Mahal It is a huge mausoleum located in Agra, India built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is widely considered as one of the most beautiful buildings on Earth and stands as a symbol of eternal love. It is the finest example of Mughal architecture, a mixture of Persian, Islamic and Indian architectural styles. The white domed marble mausoleum is designed by many architects with Lahauri as the principal designer. HONORARY MENTION (again): Great Pyramid of Giza It is the oldest and largest of the three huge pyramids in Giza Necropolis, Egypt. It is the only surviving Seven Wonders of Ancient World. It is believed to be built at around 2560 BC in a 14 to 20-years period as the tomb for 4th Dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu. Initially at 146.5 m tall, it is now 138.8 m tall due to erosion. It was the tallest man made structure on Earth for over 3800 years, the longest period of time ever held for such a record. I am proud to be an Egyptian where at least two of the man-made Wonders still exist. At the time of making out the so-called 'list' of the Seven Wonders of the World, it was amazing that nobody mentioned Luxor! Maybe they have not heard about it, or discovered it yet? Just sheer ignorance, I suppose. Upper Egypt has many more fantastic man-made monuments still waiting to be 'discovered' by the intelligent West! By Hoda Nassef
